What is the definition of unearned revenue?

Unearned revenue refers specifically to the situation where a business receives cash from customers before it has actually delivered the goods or rendered the services for which the cash was received. This creates a liability on the company’s balance sheet because the business is obligated to provide those goods or services in the future. Until the service is performed or the goods are delivered, the revenue cannot be recognized on the income statement, as it has not yet been earned.

The nature of unearned revenue lies in its role as a promise to the customer that the business will fulfill its obligations, hence reflecting a future commitment. This is why it is classified as a liability; the business essentially owes that value to the customer until the performance obligation is satisfied.

The other options outline different concepts in accounting. Revenue that has been earned but not yet collected pertains to accounts receivable, which represents amounts due from customers after services have been rendered. Expenses paid before they are incurred refer to prepaid expenses, an asset category. Profits retained for future investments describe retained earnings, which represent the portion of profits not distributed as dividends but reinvested in the business. Each of these concepts is distinct from unearned revenue, highlighting the importance of accurately categorizing different financial transactions within accounting practices.